ABSTRACT
Acitretin, a synthetic retinoid has gradually replaced etretinate in today’s dermatologic practice because of its more favorable pharmacokinetics. Acitretin over the past 20 years has proven useful in a number of diffi cult-to-treat hyperkeratotic and infl ammatory dermatoses and nonmelanoma skin cancers. It is effective both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs for hyperkeratotic disorders. It is considered to be an established second line treatment for psoriasis and exerts its effect mainly due to its antikeratinizing, antiinfl ammatory, and antiproliferative effect. Its antineoplastic properties make it a useful agent for cancer prophylaxis. Evidence-based effi cacy, side-effect profi le, and approach to the use of acitretin would be discussed in this review. In addition to its approved uses, the various off label uses will also be highlighted in this section. Since its use is limited by its teratogenic potential and other adverse effects, including mucocutaneous effects and hepatotoxicity, this review would summarize the contraindications and precautions to be exercised before prescribing acitretin.
Subject(s)
Acitretin/administration & dosage , Acitretin/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Dermatology/methods , Dermatology/trends , Humans , Keratolytic Agents/administration & dosage , Keratolytic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/prevention & control , Skin Absorption/drug effects , Skin Absorption/physiology , Skin Diseases/drug therapy , Skin Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
Reticulate pigmentary disorders is a term that is loosely defined to include a spectrum of acquired and congenital conditions with different morphologies. The presentations vary from the reticular or net like pattern to the" freckle like" hyper and hypopigmented macules that are usually restricted to the true genetic "reticulate" pigmentary disorders. There is little clarity on this topic and related terms, in major dermatology textbooks. Hence, to harmonize the different entities we feel that the term "mottled pigmentation" could be used to include reticulate pigmentary disorders (acquired and congenital), dyschromasias and the disorders with a reticular pattern. The genetic reticulate pigmentary disorders can also be classified according to the gene loci which in the majority of cases are localized to keratin 5/14. A more useful clinical method of classification is based on the regional distribution, which includes facial, truncal, acral or flexural types. In this review we will largely focus on the inherited reticulate pigmentary disorders.
Subject(s)
Humans , Hyperpigmentation/chemically induced , Hyperpigmentation/classification , Hyperpigmentation/genetics , Pigmentation Disorders/chemically induced , Pigmentation Disorders/classification , Pigmentation Disorders/genetics , SkinABSTRACT
Melasma is one of the most common and distressing pigmentary disorders presenting to dermatology clinics. The precise cause of melasma remains unknown; however, there are many possible contributing factors. It is notably difficult to treat and has a tendency to relapse. The existing and most tried topical therapy is hydroquinone and the triple combination with tretinoin and corticosteroids, which is considered the gold standard for melasma. Besides that, azelaic acid, kojic acid, arbutin, ascorbic acid, glycolic acid and salicylic peels have also been tried with limited success. However, multiple novel topical agents are being investigated for their potential as hypopigmenting agents with unique mode of action. But, further trials are required to study their efficacy and safety before they can be further recommended. The article highlights these newer formulations and also briefly mentions about the newer chemical peels and the much hyped lasers in treating this difficult and frustrating condition.